Definition and Examples of Meronyms and Holonyms

Definition and Examples of Meronyms and Holonyms In semantics, aâ meronym is a word that indicates a constituent part or an individual from something. For instance, apple is a meronym of apple tree (now and again composed as appleapple tree). This part-to-entire relationship is called meronymy. Descriptive word: meronymous. Meronymy isn't only a solitary connection however a heap of various part-to-entire connections. Something contrary to a meronym is a holonym-the name of the entire of which the meronym is a section. Appletree is a holonym of (apple treeapple). The entire to-part relationship is called holonymy. Descriptor: holonymous. EtymologyFrom the Greek, part name Models and Observations [I]n one setting finger is a fitting meronym of hand, and in different cases tissue is a proper meronym of hand. Finger and substance, be that as it may, are not co-meronyms of hand, since various social rules (useful part versus material) are applied in each case.(M. Lynne Murphy, Semantic Relations and the Lexicon: Antonymy, Synonymy and Other Paradigms. Cambridge University Press, 2003)​ Kinds of Meronym Relationships At one level meronyms can be partitioned into two types:â necessary and discretionary (Lyons 1977), in any case called standard and facilitative (Cruse, 1986). A case of a vital meronymy is eyeface. Having an eye is an essential state of a very much shaped face, and regardless of whether it is evacuated, an eye is as yet a face part. Discretionary meronymy incorporates models like cushionchair-there are seats without pads and pads that exist freely of seats. (Succinct Encyclopedia of Semantics, ed. by Keith Allan. Elsevier, 2009)Meronymy is a term used to depict a section entire connection between lexical things. Subsequently spread and page are meronyms of book. . . .Meronyms shift . . . in how fundamental the part is to the entirety. Some are vital for typical models, for instance, nose as a meronym of face; others are regular however not required, similar to neckline as a meronym of shirt; still, others are discretionary like basement for house.(John I. Saeed, Semantics, second ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003)In numerous ways, meronymy is essentially more entangled than hyponymy. The Wordnet databases determine three kinds of meronym relationships:(Jon Orwant, Games, Diversions, and Perl Culture. OReilly Associates, 2003) Part meronym: a tire is a piece of a carMember meronym: a vehicle is an individual from a traffic jamSubstance (stuff) meronym: a wheel is produced using rubber​ Synecdoche and Meronym/Holonymy The two commonlyâ acknowledged variations of synecdoche, part for the entire (and the other way around) and class for species (and the other way around), discover their correspondence in the semantic ideas of meronymy/holonymy and hyponymy/hypernymy. A meronym indicates a word or other component that along with different components comprises an entirety. Hence, bark, leaf, and branch are meronyms of the holonym tree. A hyponym, then again, indicates a word that has a place with a subset whose components are all things considered summed up by a hypernym. In this way, tree, bloom, shrub are hyponyms of the hypernym plant. A first perception to be made hereâ is that these two ideas depict connections on various levels: meronymy/holonymy portrays a relationship betweenâ elements of material objects. It is the referential article leafâ which in extralingual realityâ forms a piece of the entire tree. Hyponymy/hypernymy, by contrast,â refers to a connection between ideas. Blossoms and trees are together delegated plants. yet, in extralingual reality, there is no plant that comprises of blossoms and trees. In different words, the principal relationship is extralingual, the subsequent relationship is calculated. (Sebastian Matzner, Rethinking Metonymy: Literary Theory and Poetic Practice From Pindar to Jakobson. Oxford University Press,â 2016)